E-ADMINISTRATION POLAND - EXPERIENCES AND CONCLUSIONS
Анотація
E-ADMINISTRATION POLAND - EXPERIENCES AND CONCLUSIONS
Посилання
For „computerization” see opinions and definitions collected by P. Pietrasz, Informatyzacja polskiego postępowania przed sądami administracyjnymi a jego zasady ogólne, Warsaw 2020, pp. 24-35 and M. Wilbrandt-Gotowicz in: Doręczenia elektroniczne, Komentarz, editor M. Wilbrandt-Gotowicz, Warsaw 2021, p. 30.
As for the problems of working out a common definition of e-government, see: M. Błażewski, Antywartości jako bariery rozwoju e-administracji, w: Antywartości w prawie administracyjnym, red. A. Błaś, Warszawa 2016, p. 262-263.
Acc. dictionary definition: “An ongoing situation has been happening for quite a long time and seems likely to continue for some time in the future”, source: https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/ongoing-process; access: 20.02.2023.
Zob. np. Raport z 1994 r. „Europe and the global information society. Bangemann report recommendations to the European Council”, https://op.europa.eu/en/publication-detail/-/publication/44dad16a-937d-4cb3-be07-0022197d9459; dostęp: 20.02.2023 r., R. Posłajko, Rozwój europejskiej polityki cyfrowej, POLIARCHIA 2014, nr 2, p. 37 et seq.;oraz A. Demczuk, Od raportu Bangemanna do Strategii Europa 2020. Rozwój społeczeństwa informacyjnego w polityce Unii Europejskiej – bilans 15 lat, UNIVERSITATIS MARIAE CURIE-SKŁODOWSKA LUBLIN – POLONIA 2016, VOL. XXIII, 2, p. 25 et seq.
For example, the discussion on the use of artificial intelligence in the functioning of public administration has been accelerated due to the introduction of the ChatGPT.
See Article 155 of the Act and M. Wilbrandt-Gotowicz in: Doręczenia…, p. 742 et seq.; P. Pietrasz, Zasady doręczania pism i wnoszenia podań drogą elektroniczną w postępowaniu podatkowym prowadzonym przez samorządowy organ podatkowy w tzw. okresie przejściowym, Samorząd Terytorialny 2022, nr 5, p. 8. This problem is also pointed out by G. Sibiga (Postponing changes to the Code of Administrative Procedure until October 5, 2021 does not resolve legal doubts and further conduct of administrative proceedings based on transitional provisions, access: https://legalis.pl/przesuniecie-zmian-w-kpa-na-1-10-2021-r-nie-rozwiazuje-watpliwosci-prawnych-i-dalszego-prowadzenia-postepowania-administracyjnego-na-podstawie-przepisow-przejsciowych/,15.10.2022r.). Intertemporal issues related to the amendment to the Code of Administrative Procedure, including adaptation of the delivery procedure in the Code of Administrative Procedure to the legal framework set out in the Act is discussed in detail in the article: A. Cebera, Podwójny reżim prawny doręczeń elektronicznych w postępowaniu administracyjnym jurysdykcyjnym w okresie przejściowym po nowelizacji k.p.a., in print.
Pursuant to Article 158 (1) of the Act, from the date of entry into force of the Act until the day preceding the obligation to apply it, as referred to in Article 155, the applicable provisions are Article 39, Article 391, Article 40 (4) and Article 46 (4-9) of the Act amended in Article 61 (the Code of Administrative Procedure) in the current worting, in relation to deliveries by public entities as referred to in Article 105 of the Act (public entities as referred to in the Act of 17 February 2005 on computerization of public entities) to entities which are not public entities according to this Act, made in the ICT system of the public authority.
The phenomenon of people referred to as "early adopters" was described by E. Rogers in the study entitled Diffusion of Innovations.
Also R. Flis, J. Szut, B. Mazurek-Kucharska, J. Kuciński, Bariery hamujące rozwój i globalizację e-usług, Badanie zapotrzebowania na działania wspierające rozwój usług świadczonych elektronicznie (e-usług) przez przedsiębiorstwa mikro i małe, https://www.een.org.pl/storage/publications/pdf/2d4067a840b2c54a9e350bc61a654e74.pdf, access: 20.02.2023.
E.g.: J. Kwaśny, Rozwój e-administracji w polskich miastach w następstwie kryzysu związanego z pandemią
COVID-19, Horyzonty Polityki 2022, Vol. 13, no. 42, p. 73.
See S. Balaskas, A. Panagiotarou, M. Rigou, The Influence of Trustworthiness and Technology Acceptance Factors on the Usage of e-Government Services during COVID-19: A Case Study of Post COVID-19 Greece, A Case Study of Post COVID-19 Greece, Administrative Sciences 2022, no. 12, passim; B. Bodó, H. Janssen, Maintaining trust in a technologized public sector, Policy and Society 2022, Vol. 41, Issue 3, pp. 414–429.
See statistics: CBOS, KOMUNIKAT Z BADAŃ, Zaufanie Społeczne, No. 37/2022, ISSN 2353-5822. The level of trust in officials and administration is declared by 53% of respondents. On the other hand, only 33% trust the courts, and only 22% trust the Constitutional Tribunal. The above figures are worrying and also manifests a crisis of citizens' trust in the state.
See: https://www.gov.pl/web/cyfryzacja/e-uslugi, access: 20.05.2023.
Consolidated text Journal of Laws of 2022, item 569 as amended.
M. Wilbrandt-Gotowicz in: Doręczenia…, p. 34.
Regulation (EU) no 910/2014 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 23 July 2014 on electronic identification and trust services for electronic transactions in the internal market and repealing Directive 1999/93/EC.
Statistical data on the use of the Internet by the elderly: CBOS, Komunikat z badań, Korzystanie z internetu w 2022 roku, No. 77/2022: 41% of respondents aged 65-74 use the Internet, and only 22% aged 75 and over. Source: https://www.gov.pl/web/dostepnosc-cyfrowa/monitoring-2022-r, accessed on 20.05.2023.
Unfortunately, in recent months there have been exceptions to this principle and the requirement to use e-forms, e.g. with regard to entrepreneurs and the PUE ZUS portal.
